Thursday, January 30, 2020
Transcendentalism of Henry David Thoreau Essay Example for Free
Transcendentalism of Henry David Thoreau Essay Henry David Thoreau had many talents and interests and who spent most of his time communing and appreciating nature. He even looked for God behind the stars. In his works, he urged his readers to re-examine their lives as he did with his. He had many questions about life and searched nature for answers. He was fundamentally a transcendentalist in the sense that he goes beyond sensual experiences to see the innermost meanings in the mundane. He sees not just the physical beauty of nature, but also its effect on the spirit, and its significance to life.   In On Civil Disobedience and in Walden he bared his transcendental philosophies to his readers.            On Civil Disobedience.  At one point he questioned a government ruled by the majority. The majority came to power only because of their strength in numbers and not because they were a collective body who were right in everything, every time. Even if the minority had come to accept that as fair enough, it was still contentious if the majority’s decisions were based on right over wrong and not just what were easy and acceptable. Thoreau further asserted that only conscience can decide right from wrong. Every single man, therefore had surrendered his conscience to this majority. Why then, he asked, should each man be given his own conscience? He believed that man must stand up for what he thinks is right and not just let the majority to decide it for him. Respect for what is right must take precedence over respect for law. It is every citizen’s moral duty to defend what is right all the time. He cited corporations and soldiers to expound on his thoughts about conscience. It is generally accepted that corporations have no conscience, but if it is run by men of conscience then it becomes one with a conscience. Laws do not make a society just. It makes citizens obey laws that do them injustice instead. The soldiers are made to march to war â€Å"against their wills, against their common sense and consciences†(Thoreau 1849).            In Walden Chapter 1 – Economy. An Indian wove baskets to sell to his neighbors. The Indian thought that weaving baskets was something he could do and assumed that such was his role in life, as it was his neighbor’s role to buy his baskets. The basket would put food on the Indian’s table. A neighbor refused to buy. For Thoreau, the Indian must realize that his neighbors must really want to buy the baskets, or the Indian must make the baskets attractive to at least tempt the neighbors to buy them, or the Indian must make something else to sell to his neighbors. Thoreau himself made a basket but he did not make it to sell it but he made it so no one would buy it. What Thoreau was trying to point out was that one need not only see his side of things. He must see beyond one’s end and consider others have their own desires and thoughts, which may sometimes be contrary to his.            In Walden Chapter 5 – Solitude.  Thoreau found moments alone as wholesome, recreating and reparative. Solitude does not make one lonely. There will be times when a person would rather be by himself than in a company of strangers. A man at work or in deep thoughts, even in an office or in school with people around, can still be alone. Physical distance between a man and other people does not make him alone. When one is busy even if he is alone will not make lonely. Strange, though, that when he comes home in the company of family after work, he seeks to compensate for the solitude he had spent earlier in the day. When asked if there were days when Thoreau would wish to be nearer the others instead of the isolation of the woods, he countered that he was nearer than the nearest star in the Milky Way. He said that there would be nowhere that he would wish to be near than nature that give and nourish life, like the brooks and the trees.            In Walden Chapter 8 – The Village.  Losing one’s way in the woods when it was very dark was common and happened often.  One was guided by one’s feet instead of one’s eyes in finding one’s way back. Even the one most familiar with the way was lost in the woods too. For Thoreau these people were like the pilots who were guided by beacons and lighthouses, who were steered off course but were guided back by their intuitions.  Thoreau believed that it is only when we have lost our way, that we realize that our world is indeed so vast. It is also when we are jolted back from stupor, momentary distraction or confusion that we check our compass again to find our way back. It is also when we have lost everything that we realize how blessed we were all along. It is also through all these that we find ourselves.            In Walden Chapter 10 – Baker Farm. Thoreau’s next door neighbor was an Irishman who dreamt of life in America with tea, coffee and meat. He and his son had to work hard to afford these. Thoreau had much simpler life compared to the Irishman. Thoreau had a small house that was easier to clean and tidy up. He did not work hard, so he would not have to eat much and he did not live on tea, coffee and meat so he did not have work hard to buy them. For the kind of hard work the Irishman did, he had to have thick clothes and thick boots which were more costly than Thoreau’s light clothing. Thoreau did light work, like fishing, and he had more than enough to feed him for the week. The Irishman dreamt of a comfortable life in America. Thoreau thought that life in America was not about comfort but more of freedom to live in comfort. From the look of things, the Irishman would not improve his lot if he continued to work hard and not change his mind set and attitude in life.            In Walden Chapter 17 – Spring. Spring is like man reborn. We are upbeat in anticipation of opportunities ahead. The lesson of Spring is to live in the present and leave the past behind. To see the world with renewed sense of joy and promise, we must forget the burdens and the unpleasant past. Hurts, anger and pain have healed and forgiveness had taken their places. When Spring comes, we should not live in Winter. Even plants come into life in Spring. Thoreau had likened our life to Spring when God has forgiven and forgotten our sins and we come into the Spring of our lives. References Thoreau, H.D. On Civil Disobedience. Constitution Society. Retrieved August 24, 2008 from            http://www.constitution.orgciv/civildis.htm Thoreau, H.D. Walden. Retrieved August 24, 2008 from            http://www.transcendentalists.com/walden Woodlief, A. Henry David Thoreau. American Transcendentalism Web. Retrieved August 24, 2008 from http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/thoreau/
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Free Merchant of Venice Essays: Injustice :: free essay writer
The Merchant of Venice is horrid, cruel, and one of the most popular plays of Shakespeare. After a close reading of the play, I find it impossible to think of Shylock negatively; he is just better quality stuff than any of the Christians in the play. The Christians are truly vile, heartless, money-grabbing monsters, and when Shylock makes his final exit, destroyed by defeat, one should sense that our Christian brothers are at last completely ashamed of themselves. I was hesitant to have anything to do with The Merchant of Venice after I first read it; all possible intrigue had dissolved as I read passages such as the following: "He hath disgraced me and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies, and what's his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? ...If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die?" (III.1.49-55, 58-60) This passage tears at my very soul!!! This play was to me a biting farce written to satisfy a bloody crowd. While researching for this paper, I found two seemingly opposing facts about The Merchant of Venice - the Shakespearean play which have sparked the most controversy. This play is the most controversial and the most studied play in Israel. It is difficult to understand how this play could be beloved by the very people who are struck down. Apparently there are various readings of The Merchant of Venice which I had not considered. Perhaps the play is neither pro-Jewish, nor pro-Christian. Sure, Shylock is painted as a money-hungry Jew throughout the Merchant, "My daughter, O my ducats! My ducats, O my daughter!" Shylock is enraged his daughter has eloped with a Christian, but perhaps he is more concerned with the fate of his money. Antonio, a Christian, has borrowed money from Shylock and refuses to pay it back. Here the reader may find a Jew-hating man who publicly spits on Shylock, and suffers from the grief of an unfullfilled homo-erotic relationship.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Marketing Strategy Victoria Secret Essay
Victoria’s Secret was started in San Francisco, California, in 1977 by Roy Raymond who was Business alumnus of Tufts University and Stanford Graduate School. He felt embarrassed trying to purchase lingerie for his wife in a department store environment. He opened the first store at Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, and quickly followed it with a mail-order catalog and three other stores. With this store he hoped that it could create a comfortable environment for men, with wood-paneled walls, Victorian details and helpful sales staff. Instead of racks of bras and panties in every size, there were single styles, paired together and mounted on the wall in frames. Men could browse for styles for women and sales staff would help estimate the appropriate size, pulling from inventory in the back rooms. In 1982, after five years of operation, Roy Raymond sold the Victoria’s Secret Company, with its six stores and 42-page catalogue, grossing $6 million per year, to Leslie Wexner, creator of The Limited, for $4 million. The Limited kept the personalized image of Victoria’s Secret intact. Victoria’s Secret was rapidly expanded into the U. S. malls throughout the 1980s. The company was able to vend a widened range of products, such as shoes, evening wear, and perfumes, with its mail catalog issued eight times annually. By the early 1990s, Victoria’s Secret had become the largest American lingerie retailer, topping one billion dollars. However, The Company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to use supermodels in its advertising and fashion shows. Throughout the past decade, it has turned down celebrity models and endorsements. Current business At present, Victoria’s Secret is the fastest growing subsidiary of Limited Brands and contributes 42% of corporate profits. More than 1000 Victoria’s Secret retail stores are open in the United States. Products are also available through the catalogue and online business, Victoria’s Secret Direct, with sales of approximately $6000 million in 2010. Victoria’s Secret is known for its annual fashion show, the Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show, and for its catalogs, both of which feature top fashion models. II – Executive summary (NG? C) In 2012, Victoria Secret’s goals are to increase 10% in revenue and 13% in market share. To achieve those, the marketing plan will be divided into 4 quarters with a clear division of labor for each department. Every people in company from management to employees will perform each mission separately in order to helps achieve the best returns.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Statistical Analysis The Big Data Analytics - 1399 Words
The big data analytics deals with a large amount of data to work with and also the processing techniques to handle and manage large number of records with many attributes. The combination of big data and computing power with statistical analysis allows the designers to explore new behavioral data throughout the day at various websites. It represents a database that can’t be processed and managed by current data mining techniques due to large size and complexity of data. Big data analytic includes the representation of data in a suitable form and make use of data mining to extract useful information from these large dataset or stream of data. As stated above the big data analytics has recently emerged as a very popular research and practical-oriented framework that implements i) data mining, ii) predictive analysis forecasting, iii) text mining, iv) virtualization, v) optimization, vi) data security, vii) virtualization tools for processing very large data sets. In the impleme ntation of big data applications, new data mining techniques and virtualization are required to be implemented due to the volume, variability, forms and velocity of the data to be processed. A set of machine learning techniques based on statistical analysis and neural networking technology for big data is still evolving but it shows a great potential for solving a big data business problems. Further, a new concept of in-memory database for enhancing the speed for analytic processing is further helpingShow MoreRelatedAnaistics Of Big Data Analytics941 Words  | 4 PagesBig data is defined as high-volume, high-velocity and high-variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making (Gartner IT Glossary, n.d.). IBM added a term Veracity as the fourth V to describe the unreliability characteristic of data in certain areas (Gandomi Haider, 2015). Big data comes from various sources such as text, soc ial media websites, images, audios, videos, e-commerce transactions, mobile devicesRead MorePredictive Analytics, Data And Data1194 Words  | 5 PagesData is being produced at a huge rate and 90% of the data which exists today were produced in the last two years. Thus, it is difficult to manage big data which are extremely large, structured/ unstructured data sets analyzed to find trends, associations, reports, etc. The biggest challenge today is to find the quickest and the most inexpensive tool to analyze the big data which consists of emails, videos, pdf, audio files, and tweets. Predicting future with being able to access and store real timeRead MoreManaging Business And Research Data Is A Big Trend Right Now1566 Words  | 7 PagesIBM Watson Analytics Shreya Prabhu, San Jose State University, San Jose CA Abstract Managing business and research data is a big trend right now. In the dearth of skilled data analysts and data scientists as to the ever increasing need of managing and analyzing data, it is the need of the hour to search for tools and solutions that can achieve big data analysis. IBM Watson Analytics gives tools to access data in an easy way and enables users to do truly complex analytics in minutes on tasks whichRead MoreWhat Is Mapreduce For Clinical Analysis1032 Words  | 5 Pages BIGDATA ANALYTICS ASSIGNMENT-2 HITESH BANDARU ID#1174297 MapReduce for clinical analysis: Introduction: The huge data in the clinical settings shows the challenges in data storage and analysis. Advances in data and correspondence innovation exhibit the most feasible answers for Big data analysis as far as proficiency and adaptability. It is fundamental those Big data solutions are multithreaded and that information get to approaches be absolutely customized to huge volumes of semi-organized/unstructuredRead MoreMarketing Analytics And The Other Job Roles1256 Words  | 6 Pages Introduction into Analytics Business Analytics and the other job roles connected to this area has increasing job trend in the last few years, newer and newer jobs appearing in the market, which was not exist 5-8 years ago. Since I am working in this area, and also an interesting area, I would like to introduce this to the audience.I am interested in this topic not only because I am working in this area, also because as a non-statistician person I still could learn many ways of simulating forecastingRead MoreA Brief Note On Big Data Analytics Techniques1179 Words  | 5 Pages3. BIG DATA ANALYTICS TECHNIQUES ‘Big Data’ is the application of specialized techniques and technologies to process very large sets of data. These data sets are often so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process using on-hand database management tools. There are several techniques which are widely used in implementation of Big Data. 1. Association rule learning: Association rule learning is a method for discovering interesting correlations between variables in large databases. It wasRead MoreBusiness Intelligence And Marketing Analytics Essay1321 Words  | 6 PagesBlogs / job portals / special interest groups take on BI and BA Business intelligence and business analytics†¦ aren’t they the same thing?Or are they describing opposite processes?There are a lot of big words that get thrown around in the world of BI, and it’s easy to get lost in a whirlwind of interpretation.The diversity of opinion reflects the fluidity of how we understand the defining language of the field.It also demonstrates that in business intelligence, one term can mean different things toRead MoreForecasting Power Of Statistical Data Analytics Essay828 Words  | 4 Pagessemester, we have learned different aspects of Big Data analytics and their practicalities. Forecasting and prediction are another important parts of data analytics. Advanced forecasting analytics is playing a vital role in the age of Big Data, such as predicting crime activities, weather changes, electric power generations, or personalizing marketing campaigns. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the forecasting power of statistical data analytics. We will use a time series dataset to conductRead MoreThe Big Data Related Activities1487 Words  | 6 PagesThe world is changing with respect to the growth in big data and to the way in which it is used. Growth in big data brings with it many challenges, but it also presents new opportunities. Figure 1, helps understand some of the big data related activities that are taking place in the world with respect to volume of data that is being consumed by these activities over the next 5 years. Fig. 1: Data is predicted to grow to more than 160,000 terabytes in the next 5 years. Apple was Teradata’s â€Å"fastestRead MoreDifferences Between Structured Data And Unstructured Data1739 Words  | 7 Pagesbetween Structured data and Unstructured data (18 Points) Similarities between Structured Data and Unstructured Data. 1a. What are some of the key differences between managing structured data vs. unstructured data? Structured Data Unstructured Data It has a well-defined content or high degree of organization No identifiable structure Structured data fit nicely into relational databases. Unstructured data does not fit into relational databases as it does not have a pre-defined data model or organized
Sunday, December 29, 2019
Conjugating the Irregular French Verb Devenir (to Become)
Devenir, to become, is an irregular French -ir verb, meaning the infinitive ends in -ir. The chart below lists the conjugations of this verb; it does not include compound conjugations, which consist of some form of the auxiliary verb à ªtre and the past participle devenu. Devenir Is Highly Irregular There are two groups within the irregular French -ir verbs, one around verbs like partir and sortir and a second around verbs like offrir and ouvrir, that show some conjugation patterns. Devenir and similar verbs like venir (to come), tenir (to hold, to keep) and others do not fall into these groups, much less any conjugation group. Their conjugations are so unusual and unwieldy that you simply have to memorize them in order to use these verbs correctly Verbs Ending in -venir and -tenir Since devenir is conjugated the same way as similar verbs like venir and tenir, it follows that all French verbs ending in the suffixes -venir and -tenir are also conjugated this way. It makes life a little easier if you know the conjugation of at least one of these verbs; then you can apply the same endings to all like verbs. Here are some verbs ending in -venir and -tenir, all of which are conjugated in the same very irregular way as devenir, venir, and tenir. Abstenir to abstainConvenir à   to suitTenir to hold, keep Devenir to become Revenir to come [home], return Dà ©tenir to hold, detain Obtenir to obtain, get Soutenir to support, uphold Parvenir à  to achieve Entretenir to look after, maintain Maintenir to maintain Intervenir to intervene  Retenir to retain Prà ©venir  to warn, preventAppartenir to belong to Contenir to contain Survenir crop up, happen, occur Provenir to come from Advenir to happen   Subvenir à  to provide for Contrevenir to contravene Circonvenir  to circumvent Devenir: Uses and Expressions The following expressions show French students how to use devenir in various phrases. Tu es devenue une femme. Youre a woman now.Devenir rà ©alità © to become a realityDevenir vieux to get or grow oldEt moi, quest-ce que je vais devenir? Whats to become of me?Je ne sais pas ce que je deviendrais sans toi. I dont know what Id do without you.Que devenez-vous?  How are you getting on? / Hows it going?Et lui, quest-ce quil devient? Whats he up to these days?À (vous faire) devenir dingue (familier), à (vous faire) devenir fou, à (vous faire) devenir chà ¨vre (familier)  enough to drive you mad / enough to make you scream Conjugating Devenir The table provides the simple conjugations of devenir in its various tenses and moods. Present Future Imperfect Present participle je deviens deviendrai devenais devenant tu deviens deviendras devenais il devient deviendra devenait nous devenons deviendrons devenions vous devenez deviendrez deveniez ils deviennent deviendront devenaient Passà © composà © Auxiliary verb à ªtre Past participle devenu Subjunctive Conditional Passà © simple Imperfect subjunctive je devienne deviendrais devins devinsse tu deviennes deviendrais devins devinsses il devienne deviendrait devint devà ®nt nous devenions deviendrions devà ®nmes devinssions vous deveniez deviendriez devà ®ntes devinssiez ils deviennent deviendraient devinrent devinssent Imperative tu deviens nous devenons vous devenez
Friday, December 20, 2019
Essay about Human Violence - 559 Words
Human Violence There are many positive and negative aspects and moral consequences of labeling human violence as a biological behavior. This idea has been debated and supported or rejected by Sigmund Freud, Conrad Lorenz, and other noted anthropologists. Some of these philosophers believe that human violence is part of human makeup. In other words, they feel that people are born with these instincts. Other philosophers believe that violence is a learned trait. Through different studies, each scientist tries to fully understand the nature of violence. Sigmund Freud believes that aggressive behavior comes from original self subsisting intellectual disposition. Freud visualized that two opposed classes of instincts create†¦show more content†¦Freud believes that each man has the same amount of aggressive behavior inside of him. Other philosophers and scientists tend to disagree. Conrad Lorenz, a theoretical thinker, and Niko Timbergen, an experimentalist, shared ideas and invented many beliefs that agreed with Freuds views. Just like Freud, they believe that human behavior is biological. However, Lorenz and Timbergen took Freuds idea to a whole new level. They believe in Super-Normal Sign Stimuli. This is a reaction to violence and aggression that is obtained by visualization. Imprinting is another idea that Lorenz developed. He feels that if you work out what the early sign stimuli are, then you can program the creatures. Lorenz provided many experiments to support his work. He used gulls to prove his theories of super normal sign stimuli. He used chicks to prove his theories of imprinting. After his experiments, Lorenzs hypotheses were proven to be correct. I feel that Lorenzs experiments were a huge step in determining where human violence and anger originate. Some people tend to disagree, saying that experiments on animals cannot be correlated to human behavior. However, I believe that if humans had been used in Lorenzs experiments, they would ac t the same as the animals did. In the experiment with the gulls, Lorenz placed a large, fake gull egg next to a real gull egg to see which egg would be attractive to the gulls. The gulls ended up beingShow MoreRelatedThe Violence And Human Violence1371 Words  | 6 Pageslethal violence has been increasing over the course of mammal evolution. The aggression in mammals, that includes humans, also has a genetic component with high heritability. So it is widely admitted that evolution has shaped human violence. And this violence is not among different species, it is among the same species. Of all the world species, humans and chimpanzees are some the only species that engage themselves in coordinated attacks on the other members of the same species. We, humans, are notRead MoreHuman Aggression And Violence : Causes, Manifestations And Consequences859 Words  | 4 Pages Human Aggression and Violence: Causes, Manifestations and Consequences. Name Institutional affiliation According to Barlett and Anderson (2012), personality variables can be used as predictors of aggressive behavior. They argue that personality traits such as narcissism and impulsivity are related to aggressive behavior. They identify the big five personality factors as the principal model of personality. The big five personality traits are openness, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousnessRead MoreEssay on The Connectio Between Animal Cruelty And Human Violence1543 Words  | 7 Pagesthink of what they would and are capable of doing to a human being.           The FBI uses reports of animal cruelty in analyzing the threat potential of suspected and known violent criminals. Dr. Randall Lockwood, vice president of Training Initiatives for The Humane Society of the United States, states that â€Å"Researchers, as well as the FBI and other law enforcement agencies nationwide, have linked animal cruelty to domestic violence, child abuse, serial killings, and to the recent rash ofRead MoreDomestic Violence Is A Violation Of Human Rights1609 Words  | 7 PagesDomestic violence or family violence is defined as the behaviour that occurs in a familial relationship that is violent, threatening, controlling, or causes a victim to live in fear. (The Commonwealth Family Law Act 1975 provides a similar definition). As well as being a complex social problem domestic violence is a crime. Victims are most often women, and whilst men can also fall victim, they are most often the perpetrators. Ultimately domestic violence is a violation of human rights, denying victimsRead MoreHuman Rights And Gender Violence1000 Words  | 4 PagesHuman Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice by Sally Eagle Merry observes and scrutinizes the burden between global law and local injustices. She argues that human rights law must be embedded in a local society in order to be recognized as influential social constructs. She then specifically speaks of gender violence and how this injustice is ingrained through cultural and religious traditions, and transformations are usually resisted within a culture throughRead MoreThe Extreme Forms Of Human Violence1515 Words  | 7 Pages As one of the most extreme forms of human violence, torture has many long-term detrimental physical and mental health consequences. For those who have endured torture, a potential negative outcome of their experience can include the psychologists’ undermined role and legitimacy as a mental health professional (Olson Soldz, 2007). Following periods of torture-based interrogations, survivors inexorably harbor distrust for psychologists. In the future, this could prevent them from seeking treatmentRead MoreGender Based Violence Is An Violation Of Human Rights962 Words  | 4 Pagesâ€Å"UNPF (2005) contends violence against women as an extreme violation of human rights which results in harm and suffering. The United Nations 1993 definition of â€Å"Gender-based Violence is, â€Å"Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary de privations of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life†(IRIN, 2015) This issue once believed to be tabooRead MoreLiving Free From Violence Is A Basic Human Right Essay1475 Words  | 6 PagesLiving free from violence is a basic human right, yet millions of women and girls suffer disproportionately from violence both in peace and in war, at the hands of the state, in the home and community. Across the globe, women are beaten, raped, mutilated, and killed with impunity. Violence against women is a technical term used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against women. Similar to a hate crime, this type of violence targets a specific group withRead MoreInvestigating What Causes Violence in Humans Essay examples1903 Words  | 8 PagesInvestigating What Causes Violence in Humans Violence is evident in our daily lives and in literature. In the past it meant extreme, brutal or sadistic behavior. Today, it is used to describe any act thought to be aggressive or hostile or destructive to another person. Violence is a human condition and we tend to understand ourselves through violence. The various types of violence include physical violence, psychological violence and sexual violence. In my opinion, nobodyRead MoreViolence Against Women-an Issue of Human Rights2605 Words  | 11 PagesPAPER ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN-AN ISSUE OF HUMAN RIGHTS By Ms Shabana Kesar Asst. Professor Department of Women Education Maulana Azad National Urdu University Mailing address : Department of women education, MANUU, Gachchibowli, Hyderabad, 500032. E-mail ID: - sabasuri@gmail.com Paper- Violence against women[VAW]-An issue of Human Rights Synopsis:- ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ issue of human rights ïÆ'Ëœ VAW a health social issue ïÆ'Ëœ Dimensions causes of violence ïÆ'Ëœ VAW a global Indian scenario ïÆ'Ëœ Failure
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Customer Satisfaction After Implementation of E-Banking free essay sample
It refers to the use of information and communication technology by banks to provide services and manage customer relationship more quickly and most satisfactorily (Charity-Commission, 2003). Burr (1996) describes it as an electronic connection between the bank and the customer in order to prepare, manage and control financial transactions. Electronic banking according to Al-Abed (2003) is an umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically without visiting a brick-and-mortar institution. Lustsik (2004) describes electronic banking as a variety of the following platforms: Internet banking, telephone banking, TV-based banking, mobile phone banking, and PC banking. A few decades ago it used to take at least a day for a transaction to reflect in the account because each branch had their local servers, and the data from the server in each branch was sent in a batch to the servers in the data center only at the end of the day or end of the month. For the purpose of this research, we define electronic banking as the delivery of banking services and products through the use of electronic means irrespective of place, time and distance. Such products and services can include deposit-taking, lending, account management, the provision of financial advice, electronic bill payment, and the provision of other electronic payment products and services such as electronic money. The benefits of this 21st century banking are numerous. Its introduction would increase the potential of business to attain greater productivity and profitability, as trading and transactions, which would be carried out via communication networks, would be a lot faster and distance would no longer be barrier to effective transactions (Fagbuyi, 2003). â€Å"The banking sector has embraced the use of technology to serve its client’s faster and also to do more with less cost. Emerging technologies have changed the banking industry from paper and branch based banks to â€Å"digitized and networked banking services. Unlike before, broadband internet is cheap and it makes the transfer of data easy and fast. Technology has changed the accounting and management system of all banks. And it is now changing the way how banks are delivering services to their customers. However, this technology comes at a cost, implementing all this technology has been expensive but the rewards are limitless†( Phillip Yiga 2011). According to Sergeant (2000), the benefits of E-banking are manifold and are o be seen from the point view of the banks themselves, customers and even the regulators. According to him, for banks, E-banking brings different and arguably lower barriers to entry; opportunities for significant cost reduction; the capacity to rapidly reengineer business processes; and greater opportunities to sell cross border. For customers, the potential benefits are: more choice; greater competition and better value for money; more information; better tools to manage and compare information; and faster ser vice. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem There are various number of ways which banks compete to each others in the banking industry like strong advertising, paying relatively better interest rate, using new technology, extending working hours, changing the banking system in to electronically and others. However, when banks change their system from mechanical to electronically, they are doing it without taking in to consideration various circumstances. When banks change their system from the traditional one in to e-banking system, they will totally stop using the previous system and at the same time there is no any other alternate option to continue providing the service. Most electronic banking services are highly depending on other parties’ performance. For instance, if Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation network system gets down, it will have a direct effect on the e-banking service. The same is true for Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. As a result customers will suffer and will be unhappy on the bank services due to the use of e-banking new technology and its dependability with other parties. One of the benefits banks derive from electronic banking products and services delivery is improved efficiency and effectiveness of their operations so that more transactions can be processed faster and most conveniently, which will undoubtedly impact significantly on the overall performance of the banks. The customers on the other hand, stand to enjoy the benefit of quick service delivery, reduced frequency of going to banks physically and reduced cash handling, which will give rise to higher volume of turnover. However, these developments in the Nigerian banking industry seem not to have achieved their aims. Through Internet banking, customers would enjoy sitting in the comfort of their homes and offices and with a PC log onto their banks’ servers and transact banking activities. Banks customers’ taste and desire have begun to raise the stakes of expectation of exceptional services. Customers want to transact their banking transactions at any time and location convenient for their life-style. They want to pay their regular household bills, buy and sell stocks and shares (Carse, 1999). The efficiency, growth and the need to satisfy a growing tech-survey consumer base are three clear rationales for implementing E-banking in Ethiopia. The four forces customers, technology, convergence and globalization have the most important effect on the Ethiopia financial sector and these changes are forcing banks to refocus their activities and relationship with their customers. The success of electronic banking, as agued by many researchers, depends probably on bank service quality, customer preferences and satisfaction. Recent studies found that consumer behavior is changing partly because of more spare time. The way of use of financial services is characterized by individuality, mobility, independence of place and time, and flexibility (Seitz and Stickel, 2004). Historically, banks have taken the attitude that they will provide customers with the services and products that they, the banks, wish to provide. Buyer power, as evidenced by the increase in wealth and sophistication of the most profitable customers, now dictates that such customers will determine with whom they will bank, which products they will use, what pricing they will accept and which delivery channels they choose to use. Banks not recognizing these requirements could rapidly lose between 30-50% of their customers, especially the most profitable customers including the magic top10%. It has been proven that the least profitable clients will be the least likely to move. Banks are therefore being forced to adopt a strategy towards their customers that is focused on buyer driven desires. In order to survive both from domestic and the increasing level of global cross-border competition, banks need to change their process of servicing their customers. Firstly, to capture and retain the most profitable customers and secondly to redirect unprofitable customers into service channels which can limit the costs and maximize potential revenues (Mols, 1998). Success in the electronic-banking era is measured in the eyes of the customer. A bank has to profitably meet the needs of customers and continuously improve its ability to do so. It has to be accurate, reliable, helpful and understanding. The goal is not simply to satisfy customers but to positively delight them. The specific things that delight the customer vary from industry to industry and from product to product. But most customers want the same things. According to (Balachandher, 2001), 1. Customers are interested in quality 2. They desire good and effective service delivery 3. They want flexibility so that the specific product or service be obtained 4. They covet value by not wanting to pay a price that exceeds the value received from the product. Researchers conducted in some countries on customers’ perception of and reaction to electronic banking products and services, and others on customer satisfaction concluded that the few e-banks that face liquidity problem in so-called advanced countries is as a result of the negative perception their customers have of the services. In fact, in some countries, E-banking products and services are not very popular because customers do not consider them as better alternative to traditional banking services (Balachandher, 2001). Worst still, findings of few researches reveal that some customers view these e-developments as nothing to talk about. What are e-banks expected to do? Lustsik (2004) adds that an important factor indicating an urgent need for change is that the Pareto 80/20 rule appears to be no longer valid. Recent analysis shows that instead of 20% of customers generating 80% of profits, 10% of customers are generating over 100% of profits. This of course means that the remaining 90% are unprofitable. Many banks are only just realizing that they are unable to measure profitability accurately enough to tell the difference between their profitable and unprofitable business. The tendency at these banks is therefore for all senior managers to claim that their business responsibility area is profitable in the absence of reliable management statistics that can demonstrate otherwise. A fundamental realization in the context of all these developments is that banking is changing from a seller riven process to a buyer driven process. Thus, the success of E-banking depends squarely on customers’ satisfaction of the e-products and e-services. E-banks need therefore, to make a lot of effort in creating awareness among existing and prospective customers about the benefits of these products and services. Banks in particular, need rebuild a customer focused banking with new improved processes, modern technology, a competitive ra nge of delivery channels and focusing services on the best customers. This of course requires the radical remodeling of the banks delivery channels and business process engineering resulting in significantly improved: process excellence, speed of delivery, and value to customers. Through these, customers’ perception of and reaction to electronic banking products and services would be positive. There are a number of lessons learned from our review of literature pertaining to electronic banking and customer satisfaction. The most striking one is that electronic products and services have a long history as means of delighting customers and improving performance. Consequently, various private banks were starting operationand start supporting the economic development. As it was a command economy before, only a government banks and financial institutions were in the activitiesof the economy such as National bank, commercial bank of Ethiopia, Development bank of Ethiopia and Construction and Business Bank. However, after a private banks come to the pipeline, the coverage and quality of the service shows relatively a better change. For instance, customers of the bank were previously forced to wait an hour or more to withdraw the money from their saving or current account. This is because, it was required to check the signatory, needs approval, needs to go and see the casher for the payment and some other process. The same was true to transfer some money from one part of the country to the other side of the country. It was possible to say there was no any computerized system to make the banking process very short and to save a customer time. For instance, if someone wants to send some money to his family in a remote area or to the country side, if telephone doesn’t work, there is no any means to get the money in short period and use the oney for his problem. The inability of banks to circulation of money in the economy as it is required could be taken as one of the factor for the economy slow movement of the country in the previous period. This was really a serious problem for the banking industry. However, after private banks start operating in the economy and start computerized banking system, this problem could be relatively reduced to some e xtent, and the computation between the banks to obtain a sustainable client and to mobilize the available resources and to win this tuff computation is very challenging. It needs continues research and market study and using a latest new technology to get a big market share and to obtain a good profit and to maximize the wealth of the owners. For this study, the research team prefers to use as a sample Wegagen Bank S. C. It is a privately owned share company which started operations on June 11, 1997 with a subscribed capital of Birr 60 million and a paid up capital of Birr30 million. The number of shareholders reached 2,130 while the total capital (including paid-up capital, share premium and legal reserves) reached over Birr 1. Billion as at March 31, 2013. Wegagen Bank is governed by the Board of Directors consisting of a Chairman, a Vice Chairman and seven Directors. The overall management is entrusted to the management team which comprises the President/Chief Executive Officer, who is appointed by the Board of Directors, two Vice-Presidents and twelve Department Managers. As of March 31, 2013, the number of permanent employees of the Bank sto od at 2,158 of which 1,377 were clerical, professionals amp; semi-professionals, holding diploma and first amp; second degrees. Wegagen Bank has a network of 63 branches of which 28 are in Addis Ababa and the remaining 35 are located in other cities and towns of the country. Expansion of the network of branches will be pursued appropriately. It is a pioneer Bank to introduce a core banking system in July 2000, thereby managed to network the Head Office organs, City Branches and some of the Outlying Branches. At present, migration of the existing Core Banking System into a more versatile and ISO-standard solution is completed. The Bank has also implemented a full-fledged Card Payment System, enabling its customers to get 24/7 banking services, on our ATM network, and on POS Terminals, as well. Statement of the Problem There are a number of various ways of computing in the banking industry like strong advertising, paying relatively better interest rate, using new technology, extending working hours, and others. However, sometimes when banks compute by implementing a new technology, they will do it without studying in a very detailed way or without taking in to consideration various circumstances. Some people also are very worried that some technologies are highly exposed for theft and losing a human relationship in the day-to-day banking transaction. When banks implement the new technology, they will totally stop using the previous system and at the same time there is no any other alternate option to continue providing the service when the new technology fails to work for short period. As a result customers will suffer and will be unhappy with the use of the new technology and their satisfaction with the bank will be highly affected. Purpose of the study The purpose of this research will be therefore to see how much the customer satisfaction is affected after banks implement the new technology and to suggest what researchers believe after investigating and analyzing all the findings. In addition, the research team will try to look at what will be the consequence of highly depend on the computers and other machines on the man to man relation and the dis appearance of the human relation part. In general, to see really customers are satisfied after banks implement the computerized and net worked banking system or not. Significance of the study The output of this research could be used as an input for further research or it may help banks as a reference when they plan to implement the new technology in the future or to take some and immediate action to correct if they believe that they did or committed some mistakes when they implement the new technology. Research questions In this research, the research team will ask and investigate to answer for the following questions: Is the new technology really satisfied what customers need? Is there any alternative or back up which banks set as a reserve when the new implemented technology fails? What is the degree of safety when banks totally depend on the computerized system? Is there any side effect which came to the banking industry by following the introduction of the computerized technology? Background of the Study â€Å"The banking sector has embraced the use of technology to serve its client’s faster and also to do more with less. Emerging technologies have changed the banking industry from paper and branch based banks to†digitized and networked banking services. Unlike before, broadband internet is cheap and it makes the transfer of data easy and first. Technology has changed the accounting and management system of all banks. And it is now changing the way how banks are delivering services to their customers. However this technology comes at a cost, implementing all this technology has been expensive but the rewards are limitless†Phillip Yiga 2011. According to the research which is done by Dr. Ala ‘EddinMohad Assistant Professor of Jordan- Amman and Dr Ali Hasan Al- Azu Associate professor of the same university in the title of E-Banking functionality and Outcomes of customer satisfaction (Feb. 2011), they concluded that the new technology has a positive effect in customer satisfaction by giving the chance for customers an accessibility, convenience, security, privacy, content, design, speed, fees and charges. On the other hand some other scholars protest that there are some dis advantage of using a new technology in the banking industry. A disadvantage in this line of work is that IT provides mass collaboration with customers/partners/businesses in a real time setting allowing the passage of funds/transactions instantly. With such fast communication it is hard to verify if said transactions are real or said customers/partners/businesses are real until after losses have incurred or a strong relationship has been built. We no longer have to look customers in the face in order to transact. You only need a computer. Therefore there is always the risk of false identity and stolen accounts. The last disadvantage is that banks rely and partner up with other banks especially in the international markets. You are trusting that their Compliance is up to snuff as well as their security because depending on how the relationship is layered a simple database breach could level the bank(s). Moreover, the personal observation of the research members that accumulation of a huge number of people in one branch while there are only few people are present to get a service in some other branches generate a question why this happened ? And raise another question which it says may be the ability of bank customers to get the same service in any branches creates this mess? Therefore, this research will be conducted to see which side will be more valuable and how customers’ satisfaction is really affected after banks implementing a new technology in Ethiopia. Methodology The research team has a plan to investigate the information for this research by using a primary data collection.
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